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The Underrecognised Prevalence of Empty Nose Syndrome in the Indian Subcontinent
Ali Asfand Rashid · 5 Dec 2025 · Health Prosperity Division
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I am personally someone who has undergone a nose surgery in the Indian Subcontinent (Rawalpindi, Modern-day Pakistan), with the outcome being I am now suffering from a lot of the symptoms of empty nose syndrome.
Roughly 6 months after my surgery, in the summer (high-pollen season in the UK), while out for Eid, I had started to feel swelling in the back of my throat. It had been the first time, in my memory, in my life that I had experienced something like this. I remember my throat swelling and swelling, but not too abruptly that I would be too alarmed. I thought potentially it was pollen-sensitivity (hayfever), something I had never suffered before previously in my life (I actually never understood when people used to tell me they suffer with hayfever). In the middle of the night, I was woken from my sleep as I was struggling to breathe (for a second I really thought this was it), I called 999, my mother gave me an anti-histamine. After about 20 minutes, while waiting for the ambulance to arrive it had reduced significantly. My throat was still swollen, but I could breathe much better. My mother giving me the antihistamine had led us to believe that potentially I had had an allergic reaction of some kind. After a few days my throat calmed, and the rest of the summer I had no problem.
Section 3: Theoretical Model: Estimating Earned vs Entitled Consumption
In this section I propose a simple, yet relatively structured model to estimate how much of the bottom 5% household consumption could be earned through labour or privates, as opposed to how much is entitled - e.g. received via subsidies or free government service.
I define:
Total Consumption (C) = Earned (E) + Given (G)
Where:
-
E includes wage income or self-employment earnings used to purchase goods/services.
-
G includes the monetary value of subsidies (e.g. free food) and free public services (e.g. free healthcare and schooling for children), and direct cash transfers.
3.1 Assumptions and Definitions
We simulate a rural household in the bottom 5% of monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE), based on HCES (2023-24):
-
Household Size: 5 persons
-
₹1,677 (HCES 2023–24)Bottom 5% Rural MPCE:
-
Total Monthly Household Consumption :₹1,677 (HCES 2023–24)
₹1,677 × 5 = ₹8,385
I now estimate how this ₹8,385 is split between earned income and government-provided value.
3.2 Estimating Earned Consumption (E)
I assume:
-
1 adult (of 5) in the house hold works
-
₹300Average daily wage (2023 rural male casual):
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Works 15-20 days/month (irregular employment typical for bottom 5%)
-
Monthly earned income: ₹4,500–6,000
I take a median rounded scenario of ₹5,000/month earned income. Therefore, Earned Consumption (E) = ₹5,000
3.3 Estimating Entitled Consumption (G)
I will estimate the value of goods/services received through public provisions, based on government scheme coverage:
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